This VCAM1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) applies a technique called a quantitative sandwich immunoassay. The microtiter plate has been pre-coated with an Anti-VCAM1 Antibody. Standards or samples are then added to the microtire plate wells and VCAM1, if present, will bind to the antibody pre-coated on the wells. In order to quantify the amount of VCAM1 present in the sample, Anti-VCAM1 Antibody (Biotin) is added to each well to "sandwich" the VCAM1 immobilised on the plate. The microtiter plate then undergoes incubation, followed by thorough washing of the wells to remove all unbound components. Next, Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex is added to each well for a short incubation period, followed by thorough washing of the wells to remove all unbound conjugates. Next, a TMB (3,3',5,5' tetramethyl-benzidine) substrate solution is added to each well. The enzyme (HRP) and substrate are allowed to react over a short incubation period. Only those wells that contain VCAM1 will exhibit a change in colour. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of a stop solution and the colour change is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450nm ± 2nm.